Welfare Benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Government assistance Benefits - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that it was intended to help individuals from the American culture manage the emergency, which was influencing them at that point, a considerable lot of its adversaries accepted that what it proposed was communism; something that they accepted was not in accordance with the American lifestyle. During this period, most of ladies and individuals from minority bunches in American culture were prohibited from getting any compensation from the joblessness protection and benefits for the older. Lately, in any case, there have been changes to the program and each state has its own government assistance framework as per the requirements of its kin. Since its commencement, the arrangements of government assistance have been changing frequently because of the stresses brought over by the circumstances of the economy just as the changing jobs of sexual orientation and the combination of minority bunches into the American standard. During the 1950s, there were discusses that centered more around how satisfactory inclusion could be given, moving endlessly from the attention on which gatherings of occupation could be incorporated, as had been done previously. From that point forward all the adjustments in Social Security have been endeavors to realize a harmony between the arrangement of satisfactory insurance just as the advancement of balance while giving this security (Beland, 2008). At the point when the first Social Security Act is contrasted with those of European nations during a similar period, one will find that it does exclude the scope of projects that had been created in these nations. This is on the grounds that when this Act was planned, it was finished with the expectation that any extra projects of social protection and pay backing would be set up later. Instances of such expected expansions are the giving of advantages to companions and youngsters, which was passed in 1939 and the death of projects of help and protection for the incapaci tated individuals during the 1950s. The improvement of projects in different territories took all the more a critical thinking and gradual methodology. Thus, the Medicare and Medicaid programs were embraced in 1965 as a reaction to explicit clinical consideration needs of the old in the public arena and the maintained deficiency of clinical consideration under open help (Social Security Bulletin, 2006). The presentation of the Food Stamp program in 1964 and its later broad development came as a reaction to the proof that there was tenacious yearning and lack of healthy sustenance in certain gatherings inside the populace notwithstanding the way that the general public was commonly well-to-do. The Supplemental Security Income program was presented in 1974 as a national least salary ensure for those individuals who were matured, visually impaired, and incapacitated in the public arena and this was to check the distinctions in the preferred position levels and qualification esteems fit ting to these individuals under the help programs. The Food Stamp program is accessible to people and families who are qualified for installments under the Supplemental Security Income Program and to those denied people and families who are not reasonable for the last program. Another attribute of the advancement of social government assistance strategy in the United States is the significant level of decentralization that is shown and a component for this is the bureaucratic arrangement of government, which isolates obligation among the administrative, state, and nearby governments. A portion of these projects are supported and controlled by the central government alone; others include just the state, with or without the association of nearby governments; lastly, others include every one of the three degrees of government. This government structure fills three fundamental needs in this government assistance strategy and these are the dispersal of

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay Kim is a fine imaginative creation composed by Rudyard Kipling. It strongly affects the perusers mind that gives a solid feeling of soul for audacious excursion, whereby the two primary characters are in transit for looking through their particular objectives. Kim needs to discover his fortune where as Tahsoo Lama needs to find a specific stream of bolt. All the characters in the novel, are a piece of Great Game. For Mahbub Ali, Hari Babu, Creighton Sahib it implies a government operative game, a political one for example a piece of British supreme framework. For Tashoo Lama it is a wheel of life, wheel of things in its otherworldly and philosophical implications. For Kim it is a satisfaction of his own inquisitive want and nature. All through the novel Kim faces an issue of his personality. The issue emerges because of his relationship with various personalities, societies and belief systems. We are educated that he is a white conceived vagrant who wears some charmings in his neck which are his lone legacy to demonstrate him British. His indigenious qualities place him with Indians. He is raised in Lahore by a poor half-position Hindu lady. Our place of study here is to see to what degree he is an Indian? Kipling is resolved him to be a white, a British. In the absolute first page of the novel he says : In spite of the fact that he was scorched dark as any local; however he talked the vernacular by inclination and his first language in a cut unsure sing-melody, however he partnered on terms of ideal correspondence with the little young men of the bazaar; Kim was white a poor white of the very poorest.[Chap.- 1] Hence along these lines he has reprimanded completely all the social and social components which make a man and give him character. To demonstrate him British, is to detach him. The birth and the guardians don't make the character as it were. It is structured by society and culture, and his collaborations in it. Most fundamentally Kipling presents Kim with Indianness, Indian items, Indian thoughts, and thinking. He is experienced childhood in the general public of Lahore city. He carries on with the untamed life of Arabian Nights and he can see its excellence. He disposes of English style of staying distanced from normality. It is his nativity which isolates him from his progenitors. Kims society incorporates Abdullah, Mahbub Ali, the Muslims; Chote Lal, the Hindu; the fakirs; the little kid of bazaar; the local police officer; water bearer; Jawahir Singh the woodworker. He isn't unique in relation to every one of these individuals from Lahore city society. He is taken care of by a half-station Hindu lady who wanted that he should wear the European pieces of clothing yet Kim thought that it was simpler to slip into Hindu or Mohammedan garb[Chap.- 1] In organization of his local companions he is calm. He knows their language and all standings. It is his general public where he grows up learning the exceptionally local information on it. Frequently locals are characterized with their attributes like effortlessness, sensible, information which comes out of consistently reasonable life, interest, fervor, honesty. Kim has every one of these characteristics. He is exceptionally inquisitive to think about the new things. He carries on in local way and the shrewdness he shows is progressively Indian. He cites the adages which keeps up profound getting, information and deep rooted understanding. In the event that we consider Kim a solid character he is less Indian than British. In any case, he is certainly not an all inclusive white man since he loathes evangelists, he inclines toward vernacular and he is consistently ready to achieve compassion from others. He loathes going school where the study halls are desolate for him. He carries on with his life among road young men asking for food, which he can most likely accomplish tolerating the white society. He needs to carry on with a free life as do the Indians, so he stays from ministers or any white individual who can take ownership over him, all together not to enjoy unadventurous existence of routine and reality. He is brought into the world white Christian and he is well aware of it yet it annoys him to enter again in white society. He engages his existence with Indians with no constraint. He is glad in living with them and treats them equivalent to him however his temperament is to assume control over anyone is just because of his profoundly experienced and receptive out spoken character. As opposed to it,the Britishers remain unaware of India. He has experiences there and each mystery action pulls in him. So he is indicated consistently keen on moving in roads in dim, moving high on the top of houses to investigate to some degree his advantage. The haziness and his shading dark both are related with the Indians by the Britishers in setting of India.He knows Indian reasonableness since he has lived with them.His union with Mahbub Ali began distinctly with his need of food and his inquisitive nature drives him to new encounters. He has nothing to do with Britishers and with their game. He is shows up as a common character. He says to Mahbub Ali that he is neither Muslim nor he is Hindu even he doesn't state that he is chrisitan. He may scrutinize a Lama or a Hindu yet he never guarantees his perspectives about religion. At the point when he is acquainted with Catholicism he sees it another arrangement of Gods and Godlings [Chap.- 7].Even being a Sahib or a White vexes him.He says to Lama-Thou hast said there is neither dark nor white.Why plague me with this talk?'[Chap.- 15]. He is strange to a British and has encircled himself in Indian style. Indianness has mature in him and on the off chance that we need also observe Britishness in him we can see just impressions of it. He gives the characters yet more the perusers to feel comfortable in their local condition. His knowledge is normal with the ministers in town who claim the psyches everything being equal. He is kept to India. In the event that he would have another character or from somewhere else this couldn't have occurred. There would be a few associations from outside. He is reacting to the two Indians just as English in a manner which may suit them however he assumes no liability of it. Regularly he has a place with the class of individuals in India who had firm confidence in fittingness of British guideline over India, whose thoughts are motivated by west however activities constrained to their own social condition The connection among Lama and Kim is likewise a run of the mill Indian connection among Guru and Shishya.He is a chela, not a pupil of Lama. Kim demands his being chela. He says to Lama I am your chela. Am I not?Am I not your chela? Kiplings utilization of words contextualize him in certain outskirts. The symbolicism additionally recommends the Indianness in Kim. By what means can a man follow the way or the extraordinary game when he is so consistently irritated by ladies?, he says. The way or the incredible game represent the hallowed way to arrive at a definitive truth. The words can't be taken uniquely for spy game. Kipling says that Kim thought in the vernacular on this occasion.And this is conceivable just by his connection with Lama and his Indian roots, which made him ready to think profoundly. He cherishes the nation. Mahbub asks him And who are thy individuals companion of all the world? Kim answers This incredible and delightful land. The orality of characters and discourses interfaces the story, the character and even the creator to the land whereupon it performs itself. The axioms must come out from that particular spot to which the client have a place and its client must have additionally the wide sense and comprehension for utilizing it. It's anything but a days work and he who knows it and utilizations is a greater amount of that place than other. Kim utilizes the sayings and language wonderfully. Interestingly, the maxims, have their specific tone and sense that they are not found in another dialects. They are more Indian than some other things in the novel can be. The everyday talks likewise gives it an Indian shading. Orality and significance of discourse both are performative and setting bound, and moves from European styles and impacts. These are arranged outside the European or English perfiery. It has its own Indian social space. Language which is given to Kim by Kipling is Indian in importance and setting. The language of English clerics, Lurgan Sahib and Creighton sahib is not quite the same as that of Kim. Kims language is hybridization of English, Hindi and Urdu. There we can unmistakably observe the strength of unadulterated English over the English blended in with vernacular thus two unique levels are made and Kim is ascribed lower one for example increasingly related to Indians, extraordinarily around then. The language educates around ones status and character. English clerics sends him for learning English implies that so far he isn't an English. He has learned and acknowledged Indian culture and qualities. His acception of master chela relationship with Lama and his treatment of a wiped out kid at Banaras are its best case. He thinks in Hindi (Hindustani), in the tongue he knows best as the essayist says[Chap.6]. It implies that principally he is Hindustani than it doesn't make a difference what other language he speaks.His utilization of Urdu and Hindi language keeps up Indianness in him. He is a nearby legend. On the off chance that Kim can utilize aurhoritative language, at that point it doesn't imply that he is Britisher since it very well may be rehearsed by some other Indian too. Being a piece of Great Game likewise doesn't recognize him with Creighton or Lurgam Sahib. On the off chance that it is the situation, at that point what you will say about Hari Babu who is a piece of Great Game and communicates in English Kim has part awareness of being both an Indian and a British. His incessant want for friendship of Lama and the street, his disinterestedness in being a Sahib, and going to class are the solid case of his re-attestation of local social personality. His personality can be developed uniquely in as indicated by his socio-political financial parallels under in which he lived. Kims obscurity is first point which isolates him from Britishers. Socially he is a piece of Indian world. Kim in his youth is given to a full developed masculinity. Maybe it won't not be right to state that he is by all accounts character of creators creative mind, not from this present reality. Yet, what actually, he is posterity of Indian

Letter From Birmingham Jail - Essay Topics

Letter From Birmingham Jail - Essay TopicsWriting a letter from Birmingham Jail is an honor and I can tell you that you are to be commended for your effort. Writing a letter from a prison is something that not many people ever get to do. I was lucky enough to be able to be sent a letter from Birmingham Jail when I asked them for some help in my writing career.In the state of Alabama they have a person who has become known as the 'basketball player.' His name is Walter McCarville. He was arrested in 2020 for stealing from some high school kids. He got off with just a year in prison and probation.You can imagine that I was excited to get the letter in the mail and the help that I needed to write a better essay. I would never admit it but the real truth is that I was a little behind the times when it came to writing. I thought I had to have the last word, but that just wasn't the case.The basketball player was looking for a tutor who could help him with his essay writing skills. I told him what I knew about this topic and he asked me if I knew how to write a better essay. I started to feel very bad for not knowing more. I was going to help him out because I really wanted to help.I could only imagine what it must have been like for the basketball player to be going through what he was going through in jail. It was so sad, but the way that he put his trust in me and my writing skills made me a better writer. I am so thankful for what I was able to do for him and I truly believe that this helps out all students.You can write a letter from Birmingham Jail and that could mean a lot to you. This doesn't happen very often and I know that you will be glad that you got a chance to do it. As a matter of fact, I wish there were more people like you out there.Yes, when you are in prison you probably don't have much time to do anything else other than study and take care of yourself. Well, you have someone in your corner and he is very willing to show you where to go to get th e best advice. This is why I would encourage you to use the power of the Internet.There are essay topics that are available on the Internet that you can take advantage of. That way you can focus on what you need to learn and get out of jail fast. So, write a letter from Birmingham Jail and get the necessary help to get you to a better place in life.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 890 Words

There are people who are criticizing why marijuana should not be legalized and why it’s dangerous to health. According to the research performed by Harvard University, â€Å"kids who used marijuana only recreationally showed significant abnormalities in the brain† (1). In a related study from the University Of Maryland School, Of Medicine found that â€Å"Regular marijuana use during adolescence, but not adulthood, may permanently impair cognition and increase the risk for psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia.† (1) May cause death. In similar circumstances, people who advocate against marijuana being legalized may talk about, how marijuana is a gateway drug and if marijuana is legalized than drug use among kids will increase drastically. The position that I just stated is wrong and here’s why. What if your son or daughter or mother is passing away and the only thing that will assist them live little longer is marijuana and it s illegal in your state , what would you do? I am not stating that cannabis can help people live longer, but it helps people feel much better and delays some internal diseases from spreading. I am proposing that Marijuana should be legalized in the United States. There are main three reasons as to why marijuana should be legalized: Economic reasons, Medical reasons, and criminal reasons. Marijuana should be legalized since it will help a country economically because the tax and revenue from marijuana sales. Let’s look at one of the examples, ColoradoShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreatio nal drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

The Design and Positioning Schools of Strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3536 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? Sadler Craig (2003) describe strategy as a long duration action plan, drafted for achieving defined objectives. In Greek language, strategy pertains to the act of leading an army. Different types of strategies, developed for resolving day-to-day challenges, form part of the strategic management process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Design and Positioning Schools of Strategy" essay for you Create order Business organizations have always been at the crossroads of options over the fundamental strategic decisions. Corporate think tanks spend major amounts of their quality time in debating about the decisions on the forward outlook of the organization. The decisions to adopt an appropriate short and long term strategy for an organization had always been debatable. The point of debate had been focused on whether the adopted strategy would result in enhancing the shareholder value, as it is fundamental to the existence of an organization. It has been observed that the shareholder value is a function of revenues being generated by the organization. Thus, the strategists need to worry about whether the organization makes efforts to reducing the bottom-line vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis increasing the top line? These questions have never been easy to answer and the dynamic business environment has further complicated the decision making. No amount of tactical decision making can resolve these fundame ntal dilemmas. Instead, appropriate strategic thinking can enable the top leadership in determining the steer they want to provide to the organization (Davenport, Leibold, Voelpel, 2006). Mintzberg, Henry, Lampel, Joseph, Ahlstrand, Bruce (1998) explained ten business strategies, including design and positioning schools in Strategy Safari. The following text focuses on these two schools of thoughts in the business strategies. Basic details of each school of strategy is followed by a discussion on the roots of each of the strategies, risks, uncertainty its management, influence of market structure and the environments. The analysis concludes with the comparison between these two schools of strategic thoughts. Design School of Strategy According to the design school, the strategy is described as a series of varied operations, executed to achieve the fit between the internal capabilities and external possibilities of an organization. The design school believes that the managerial values of the people leaders and the social responsibilities are two important factors in determining the strategy for any organization (Sloan, 2006). Thus, as per the design school, the preferences and the beliefs of the people leading the organization and the perceived ethics of the environment in which the organization operates are important contributors to determine the strategic intent of any organization. In the design school of strategy, after the various alternative strategies have been determined, the next step is to evaluate and make a choice on the best one. The implementation of the strategic action plan is subject to the agreement of all stakeholders on the final strategy. Roots of Design School Mintzberg et al. (1998) attribute the origins of the design school to two influential books written at the University of California and at M.I.T.; Philip Selznicks Leadership in Administration of 1957, and Alfred D. Chandlers Strategy and Structure of 1962. Selznicks conception of distinctive competence, brought the need of the organizations to align (implement) its internal capabilities with the external expectation. Sloan (2006) mentions that the term design school in its noun form are used with an objective to convey a form or a structure. However, in its verb form, it means that the organization must tailor its capabilities to get a fit with the external requirements. The model of design school emphasizes the analysis of the internal and external situations, the former detailing the strength weaknesses of the organization while the later revealing the opportunities threats. This seems similar to the SWOT analysis. Risk The risk of the design school strategy is the detachment of the thinking from the acting. This separation of the two important aspects of any process execution makes it risky for any business to implement design schools of strategy. The risks can be certain as well as un-certain. Certain risks are those risks, which an organization will face in any case; hence, every necessary step needs to be taken in order to avoid this risk. However, uncertain risks are those risks, upon which an organization has no control and hence, no precautionary measures can be taken (Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein, 1993). Indeed, risk plays a very critical role in any line of business. Despite the fact, that risk is innate to every single business, its amount of impact can differ according to several factors, which include globalization, input costs, competition, weather, compliance, regulations, competition, exchange rate, and many more. These factors affect the different organization in different ways . For example, some lines of business have many competitors, while some have few, hence, risks plays a different role in different businesses. Design school of strategy identifies risks and provides solutions to it, but it detaches itself from the implementation of the solutions, which can resolve such risks. Hence, identification of the certain risks would be possible by the design school of strategy but implementing the strategy to resolve it would not form part of its process (Mintzberg Lampel, 1999). Uncertainty Uncertainty, unexpected or unforeseeable changes, cannot be proactively planned or predicted and must be dealt with a more reactive manner; uncertainty, therefore, creates the risk. The challenge to the design school strategy is the resolution of uncertainty through Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat and Trends (SWOTT) analysis. It can be argued that design strategy cannot identify every possible scenario for an organization to become successful, even with its distinctive competencies to insure a best-fit strategy let alone its organizations social responsibility and managerial values during the creation, evaluation and selection of the best-fit strategies (Mahoney, Pandian, 1992). In fact, the design school assumes that decisions made to ensure best-fit strategies are known. Practically, this presumption is negated. For example, the impact of recent recession would not have been as worse as it was. If the presumptions of this strategy were true then the financial firms would have been able to forecast the recession. Moreover, the impact should have been less, as they would have prepared themselves accordingly. Managing Uncertainty Managing and coping with uncertainty is not easy. It is difficult to plan for unexpected and uncertain scenario. Thus, an uncertain situation has to be dealt with a reactive approach. However, according to Garret (1999) uncertainty can be managed. He argued that companies having proactive involvement with uncertainty are better positioned to address the repeated occurrences of uncertainty. Therefore, a better management of uncertainty happens by timely identification of changes in the business environmental, then embarking upon, and reducing uncertainty either concurrently or sequentially. Influences of Market structure on Strategic Options The design school strategy market structure examination establishes the organization key success factors (external) and its distinctive competences (internal) fit through, what is known as SWOT analysis. The market structure is one of the key determinants for any organization considering the strategic options. Design school strategy can be followed by small firms operating into a monopolistic competition market. The example of such a sector is retail trade, including clothing stores, restaurants and convenience stores. The services industries in large cities come under this category. As the organization size is smaller, one person can drive the strategies of the organization. In this market, the value of the brand makes the customers buy the product of a certain firm. The competition is generally of non-price category, though in the long run, the firm can increase the cost of its products without losing its customers. Environment Once again, the design school uses SWOTT analysis to look at the external or internal threat, through scanning its environment. The examination establishes the organizations key success factors (external) and its distinctive competences (internal) fit. Threats to firms can be identified as either major or minor threats. The major threats need immediate attention. The design school proposes the matching of organizations strength with the major threat facing it. The organization may need to adapt its strategy to overcome the major threat facing its existence (Finlay, 2000). Thus, a small firm facing a turbulent environment can choose to follow the design school of strategy to succeed in the competitive environment. Positioning School of Strategy The positioning school of strategy follows a narrow approach in terms of identifying the best strategy for an organization. It is calculative, quantifiable, and relies on the analysts to determine the strategic action plan. The positioning school approach is generic in nature involving few strategies, which can be potentially applied across the industry segments and any verticals. Once, the strategic goal is identified, the next step in this strategic process is to apply few generic strategies to achieve the identified goal. For example, if the strategic goal is to attain a certain position in a particular market segment in any given industry, the strategy would be to defend the interest of the organization in that particular segment against any current or future competitors. The positioning school of thought consider the strategies being generic in nature, and having positions, which are identifiable in the market place. The positioning school strategies are based on the result of calculations done by the analysts, who are monitoring the market with respect to the goal of the organization. The strategies, pursuant to this process, are deliberate positional strategies, which effectively drive the organizational structure triggered by market structure (Finlay, 2000). Roots of positioning school As per Mintzberg et al. (1998), The Positioning School is largely derived from the two books from Porter, Competitive Strategy (1980) and Competitive Advantage (1985). It believes that Strategy is the process of selecting from the generic strategy and implementing it as a follow through mechanism of the business logic of the generic strategy. Any novice would think that there could be a plethora of positional strategies, given that there are so many market forces. However, positional strategy thinkers like Michael Porter have different thoughts. According to Porters 5 forces model, there are only two types of basic competitive strategies in which an organization operates which are differentiation and low cost. Porter combined the scope of a particular business to crystallize the three generic strategies (1)Leadership in cost producing and selling low cost goods (2) Differentiation Innovation in producing unique goods, and (3) Focus To operate in the limited market segment (Sl oan, 2006) Risk Power (2004) considers direct and indirect risks are two major categories of the risk. Direct risks are usually those type of risks over which an organization have control or they can affect. These risks frequently affect the businesss supply chain, labor force, operations as well as competitive position. On the other hand, indirect or external risks are those risks, which include such factors, which are beyond the control of the company. Interest rates, currency exchange rates, energy costs and weather are some of the examples of indirect risks. One more factor, which affects risk, is efficiency and competency. Organizations, regardless of size or industry, regularly deal with various types of risks, whether by a formal or an informal way. Business leaders, usually attempt to manage risk or permit risk to handle them. Although, the amount of risk as well as other related activities contrasts widely with the different line of business, the basis for creating effectual strategies for risk management includes analysis as well as planning. Positioning school of strategy is highly adept at handling the risks in the marketplace. However, the depth of analysis is dependent upon the variables considered by the analysts. This process of risk management, attenuate the focus of the company and needlessly amplify the cost by defining the operational plans each time (Mintzberg et. al, 1999). Given adequate capacity as well as flexibility, few businesses can achieve agreeable results without the help of immediate risk management. Positioning school strategy matches the most useful strategy with the conditions prevalent at the time of decision-making. Using fairly standard and stable analytical decision models, these generic method synergies the decision making to handle all types of risks. Another approach for managing risk factor in positioning school is to lessen the risk itself, in addition to its potential effect on the business or school. Although reducin g risk will reduce uncertainty, it, in general, need better and larger resources comparing to the reactive method. Positioning school also suggests the reduction of the impact of risk. Generic strategies of cost leadership, differentiation and focus can be followed to achieve the reduction in the impact of risk. Uncertainty The uncertainty or the unexpected risks in the business environment need to be handled pro-actively to keep the show in the road. The success of any business depends on how the frequently the uncertain situations are faced. The challenging situations, decision making with a short-term horizon can result in the uncertain business results. Moreover, the business environment is never certain. The new competitors are always there to enter the business sector, in which the firm is operating. The bargaining power of the customers and suppliers is ever changing, and the business firm needs to respond appropriately to the uncertainty around it. Managing Uncertainty The management of the uncertainty in positioning school of strategy is dependent upon the porters generic strategy. These generic strategies are cost leadership, focus and differentiation. The firm can choose any of these three generic strategies to manage uncertainty in the future. The analysis of the firms economic landscape combined with the identification of the appropriate generic strategy results in the firm achieving the competitive advantage (Porter Miller, 1985). Influences of Market Structure Positioning school is believed to be highly dependent on the market structure to determine the strategy. The analysis conducted by the consultants for the current market structure determines the organization structure. The positional school strategies are deliberate, which are dependent on the analysts view. Oligopoly market structure is most suitable for the application of positioning school strategy. Any player, having the intent to differentiate itself in the oligopoly market has to differentiate itself. This is achieved by positioning the firm/products in the market, differentiating it from the other players. The role of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is marginalized in determining the appropriate strategies to be undertaken in the positioning school of strategy. The role of the analysts or consultants is very important in determining the appropriate strategy for any organization. The process followed by the analysts is that he evaluates the market place, domain, and sect or. After the evaluation, he formulates the business strategy by drawing heavily from the Porters generic strategies. These strategies are matched against the organizations objectives. The final strategy is presented to management for implementing in the organization to re-align its structure (Mintzberg et al, 1999). Thus, the market structure has heavy influence in the formulation of strategy in case of positioning school. Environment The business environment is ever changing with the players entering and exiting out of the domain. As discussed, Porters 5 forces model provides the analysis of the business environment with the formulation of the appropriate strategies for resolving the challenge. The positioning school strategy relies on the past performance of the organization; hence it is not an appropriate strategy for the small start up firms. Instead, this strategy is appropriate for an innovative organization, which wants to create a specific niche for itself. Porter (1996) further suggests the use of 3 generic strategies to define the business operations of any firm. These 3 generic strategies are Differentiation, cost leadership and focus. The differentiation strategy focuses on the innovation in the products being manufactured by the firm. Apple Corporations iPod was considered as an innovative product, which differentiated Apple from its competitors. Apples iPhone further enhanced the Apple Corpo rations innovative brand in the mind of customers. No one ever imagined that any product in the modern time could affect the customer so much. The queue of the customers outside Apple stores is a living testimony of the success of the differentiation strategy in responding to the challenges posed by business environment. Cost leadership strategy is derived from the economies of scale. The firm chooses to reduce the cost of its product to the lowest level among all its competitions, though maintaining the same quality level. The success of IP (Internet Protocol) telephony can be an example here. Focus is another strategy, which is used in positioning school. Bose Speakers can be the example of such a strategy. The Focus of this organization in developing the best sound system of the world has finally been recognized and the products of this organization are considered as a benchmark in the quality of sound. Comparison between the design and positioning school After discussing the various aspects of the two schools of thought on the strategy, following table contrasts the difference between each of these schools. Characteristic Design School Positioning School Number of strategies No Limitation Few key strategies, also known as generic strategies Application in the lifecycle of a project Concerned about the formulation of the strategy only Concerned about both formulation and implementation of the strategy Application across industry Design school strategies are specific to a particular situation industry segment Positioning school strategies are generic in nature and can be applied across the industry Portability Design school strategies defined for a particular situation may not work in all situations. Positioning school strategies can be applied in most of the situations, owing to its generic nature. Thus, the positioning strategy is portable in nature (Mintzberg et al., 1999). Management Centric The management and the ethical approach of the organization are the primary factors for a design school strategy Positioning school strategy relies heavily on the analysts. The people leaders in the positioning school strategy hardly have a choice except to implement the suggestions from the analysts (Mintzberg et al., 1999). Firm Centric Design school of strategy considers the entire organization as one while defining the future strategy of any organization. The positioning school, on the other hand, disaggregates the operation of a firm into two parts as primary and support activities. Porter (1996) called this framework as value chain. Approach to defining strategy The focus of the design school of strategy is broad in nature. Design school of thought believes that the best strategy results from the individualized design process. Positioning school of thought has focussed approach in determining the strategy. Size of business The design school provides specific solutions to a challenging business issue, irrespective of the size of the business. The positioning schools tend to be biased towards the big business. Environment Variables Almost en tire set of environmental situations are considered in devising strategies through the design school thought. Positioning school only considers the limited number of conditions in devising the strategy. Distortion between the strategy formulation and implementation Design school is based upon the right interpretation of the subjective analysis of the current situation by the top leadership. If the interpretation is wrong or the distortion of the data happens while being transferred, the resulting strategy would not be appropriate. In the positioning school of strategy, the strategy is the result of objective market analysis, which is difficult to be distorted. How a hybrid strategy incorporating design and positioning school elements helps The design and positioning schools of thought are helpful for different types of organizations operating in different market structures and environments. A hybrid of both strategies can be beneficial to a firm, which is aiming to operate and grow over a long time. For example, any small start-up would follow the design school of strategy. It would study the market, its demands, opportunities, strength weaknesses of the firm, associated threats in the sector before beginning the operations. Moreover, the size of the firm is small in the beginning; hence, it is easier for the CEO (or any one person in-charge of operations) to manage the strategies within the organization. As the firm establishes itself, the past performance of the firm is available. Now, the firm can start employing the positioning school of thought to develop its strategies. As the size of the firm increases, it needs to position and differentiate itself. The positioning school of strategy makes it possible for a g rowing firm to create and position its brand appropriately. The hybrid strategy can also be formed by combining the elements of design and positioning school. For example, SWOT analysis can be conducted for the firm to match the internal capabilities with the external challenges. The Porters 5 forces analysis can be conducted to position the firm in the operating sector. Conclusion This paper discussed the design school and the positioning school of strategies. It can be argued that design strategy cannot identify every possible scenario for an organization to become successful through its distinctive competencies to ensure a best-fit strategy let alone its organizations social responsibility and managerial values during the creation, evaluation and selection of the best-fit strategies for their environment. Most organizations adapt to their environment through scanning and SWOT analysis. However, in the positioning school strategy, the porters generic strategies are used by analysts to the management for aligning the organization into a certain direction. Porters 5 forces analysis is used to determine the market forces, determine the bargaining power of the stakeholders like customer and suppliers and the threat from the competitors and the substitutes. Each school of strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages determined by the size of the organiza tion, market forces, and the objectives of the organization.

A Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Essay

A Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Stress is an example of a behaviour and experience explained in physiological and psychological terms. Recently awareness has been heightened concerning the harmful effects of stress and how it can be successfully managed and prevented. Lay definitions of stress seem to focus on a force or some kind of mental pressure which is exerted upon an individual which is aversive. Stress is often associated with anxiety, strain, tension, distress and fatigue. The effects of stress include biochemical physiological and psychological changes, many of which are associated with ill health effects (Gatchel 1989). Thus medical and psychological research†¦show more content†¦The pituitary gland is the main endocrine gland; it controls the release of many hormones. In the brain stem we find the autonomic nervous system, which runs to different organs in the body e.g. heart and lungs. The ANS has two divisions; the sympathetic (prepares to cope with a dangerous or stressful situation) and the parasympathetic division (calms us down). During a state of arousal/stress, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones adrenaline and non-adrenaline into the bloodstream. These hormones, in conjunction with corticosteroids, reinforce sympathetic arousal by stimulating heart rate and mobilizing further energy resources in the body. This enables the body to deal with the stressor by activating a flight or fight response. Seyle produced a model known as the General Adaptation Syndrome to explain the short term effects of stress, it also helps us understand the development of stress related illnesses e.g. ulcers. He identified the following three stages of a physiological response to stress: Stage 1 - Alarm - stress response systems are activated e.g. internal - injury, external - nasty dog; Stage 2 - Resistance - stress response is fully activated and body is coping; Stage 3 - Exhaustion - as a result of this chronic longShow MoreRelatedTheoretical Relationship Between The Mind Body1193 Words   |  5 Pagesbody have a relationship of some kind. Yet there are other explanations that may disagreed and appose the fact that there is such an idea of the mind and body correlation. In this paper I will discuss the history of theories regarding the relationship between mind and body, as well as my understanding of this relationship. I will also discuss how psychological factors and physical illness relate to each other. 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Commercial Papermaking Essay Example For Students

Commercial Papermaking Essay Paper in 20th-century civilization, is one of our most important industrial products. Books, magazines, and newspapers are printed on paper. Data from computers are usually printed on paper. Education, government and industry could not operate without printing and writing on paper. Paperboard used in packaging, and absorbent papers tissue and towelling are other widely used paper products. Paper is made from cellulose fibbers, which are found in all plant cell walls. When a mixture of water and fibbers is filtered through a fine screen, the fibbers tangle together to form a sheet of paper. As the wet sheet is dried chemical bonds form between the molecules in cellulose fibbers next to one and other. This gives the sheet of paper its strength. The grade and type of any paper depends on the fibbers and processes used in making it. The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. We will write a custom essay on Commercial Papermaking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artists papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce. The preparation of making wood into a pulp for papermaking is accomplished in two different ways. In the groundwood process, blocks of wood are held against a fast revolving grindstone that shreds off short wood fibbers from the block. The fibbers produced by this process are short and are used only in the production of cheap newsprint and used to be added with other types of wood fibber in the making of high-quality paper. Another technique uses a chemical-solvent processes where wood chips are treated with solvents that remove resinous material and lignin from the wood, leaving pure fibbers of cellulose. The oldest of the chemical-solvent processes, the soda process, introduced in 1851, uses a solution of caustic soda sodium hydroxide as a solvent. The wood is cooked or digested in this solution under steam pressure. The fibbers produced by this process do not have great strength but are used in mixtures with other wood fibbers. Pulps produced by any of these processes are washed then passed through a series of screens to remove knots, debris, and other unwanted material. Some pulps are bleached to produce a whiter sheet of paper. Most paper today is made on Fourdrinier machines patented after the first successful papermaking machine, which was developed in the early 19th century. It is capable of making a continuous sheet of paper up to 33 feet wide, at speeds faster than 3,000 feet per minute. Some machines are more than 350 feet long. The Fourdrinier machine has an endless belt of wire mesh that moves horizontally. A flow of watery pulp is spread on the level belt that passes over a number of rolls. A shallow wooden box beneath the belt catches most of the water that drains off, leaving a matt of fibbers on the surface of the wire. Air suction pumps beneath the belt help to drain the water through the wire, and the belt itself is moved from side to side to aid the felting of the fibbers. Once the sheet of fibbers is strong enough it is then passed between large press rolls that squeeze out most of the remaining water from the sheet. At this point a watermark may be produced by pressing a wire pattern into the to surface of the wet sheet. .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .postImageUrl , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:hover , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:visited , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:active { border:0!important; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:active , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solar Energy: An Alternative Energy EssayAny other water is removed as the sheet is passed over steam-heated cylinders. Chemical bonds that hold the finished sheet together also take place at this step. The next stage is known as calendaring, pressing between smooth chilled rolls to produce the smooth finish known as machine finish. At the end of the Fourdrinier machine, the paper is slit by revolving cutters and wound on reels. The production of the paper is completed once the sheets are cut into smaller sections, unless the paper is to be used on a continuous press that uses rolls of paper. Special papers are given additional treatment. Supercalendered paper is subjected to a further calendering process under great pressure between metal and paper-covered rolls. Coated paper, such as is used for fine halftone reproduction, is sized with clay or glue and calendered. Paper is usually sold by the ream, in sheets of standard sizes. A ream of paper usually contains 480 sheets, but reams of drawing paper and handmade paper contain 472 sheets. Book paper and newsprint for flat-plate printing are sold in reams of 500 sheets and in perfect reams of 516 sheets. The most common book-paper size is octavo 112 by 168 cm/44 by 66 in. Newsprint for rotary-press printing comes in rolls of varying sizes; a typical roll of newsprint, as used by large metropolitan newspapers in the U. S. , is about 168 cm 66 in wide, 7925 m 26,000 ft long, and weighs about 725 kg 1600 lb. In the United States alone, the consumption of paper and paperboard averages about 660 pounds per person each year and about 64 million metric tones of paper and paperboard are produced annually. With such great demand, papermaking is continuously being improved and modernized, and new machines are constantly being developed.

Business Growth

Introduction Businesses are known to grow when they increase their trade volumes in the market. This includes selling of the existing products or services to existing customers. It can also include selling new products or services to new customers. It is therefore important to acknowledge the role of growth to a business organization.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Business Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business owners are therefore supposed to identify the options available for business growth. Managers and other leaders should also seek more specific information that will guide them in making decisive decisions in order to achieve particular goals. There is actually more specific information that guides in various achievements. This information includes diagnostic questionnaire that helps the leadership of the business organization to identify the best decision that will drive the business to higher heights of growth. There must also be more detailed information and practical steps to the option the leadership of the organization has chosen for the purpose of growth. This paper describes how Tod, a business organization owned by an Italian entrepreneur can grow and expand its operations in a nutshell. The paper also describes the strategies for growth of small businesses that aim at globalizing their operations. Growth of business The problems that are commonly faced by small business organizations include stalling in the business growth. These problems are mainly faced by entrepreneurs who operate single units or multiple units like chain stores. Most of the time, the owners of the business premises do not have the professional know how since most of them are operating inherited property or are operating the business as a family unit like Tod. For this reason, the owner does not know how to rejuvenate the business organization since they have become complacent with mediocrity and the status quo. Partnership businesses also face similar problems (More business 2011).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance the partners in a business organization may want to expand their business. Since they are not experts in this field, they don’t know whether to invest the extra resources into the product or into expanding the market. Also, their lack of knowhow may lead them to try both without enough research into the market (Cim 2001). Business strategies Business growth requires strategies that will enable it reach it goals. One of the ways in which a business organization can grow is by extending the market reach (Business Growth a. 2011). The business organization can use the existing products to reach to more people. This can be done by employing different marketing approaches that will enable the business to penetrate th e current market and increase its market share. Since we are living in a knowledge era, creativity and innovation is important to the growth of this business. Tod’s luxury shoes must understand current industrial organization economics in order to strategize on how to grow (Guru 2011). Tod will be more competitive in the market if it positions itself well in the industry by understanding the structure of this industry. Diego Della must therefore understand that strategy is the creation of knowledge concerned with knowledge absences, not knowledge assets. Another way in which this business organization can grow is by developing a new product or service. This is also another form of growth strategy which can rejuvenate a plateau phase in a business organization (Business Growth b. 2003). The leadership of the business organization may consider exploring products that complement the current ones. This also forms part of the industrial organizations economics (Honorati 2007). Tod should therefore consider the horizontal scope which results into core competence. Complementary products will also increase the scope of Tod by creating a bigger pie in the market that increases the volume of sales. This will allow the organization to generate more sales from the existing and new customers (Little 2005). Also, the business organization can use the principle of having more and diversifying its products to increase its sales.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Business Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another strategy is by joint ventures. The business organization can consider the possibility of expanding by joining forces with other businesses. This can be done through mergers and/ or buying shares. It is important to note that this strategy is important in maintaining the autonomy of the business organization while still giving a hand in reaching out to new customers. It is als o important to note that this is a way of finding new opportunities for a new business model. Tod should consider more investments in technology that makes solutions faster and cheaper. New business opportunities can also help in responding to shifting market forces (Business Link a. 2011). The other strategy is by finding partners. This strategy is important mainly in small businesses because in some situations, the vision of growth of the business may be too big for the business (Nieman Pretorius 2004). Finding partners is a way of incorporating profession into the business without losing autonomy. It is also a way in which the business organization establishes networks, gains the ability to outsource and insource. A business organization can also enhance its productivity by acquiring additional financial capital to expand its operations. Thus, loans, grants and investors can help to expand the business organization through this strategy. In addition to this, Della must understan d that for his business to grow, he must change the rules by increasing professionalism, spend less on manufacturing products, and consider the possibility of merging. Dell should also understand the vital role of risk taking in expanding his business (Ericson 2007). This means that he can take risks and enter the Chinese market to enhance the growth of this company. It is also important for the organization to move from an entrepreneurial to a managerial company in order for it to globalize its operations.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Professionalism in the business takes care of many aspects of the business operation. These aspects include effective marketing strategies that increase the value of the brands (Business Link b. 2011). For instance, a brand manager can add value to the products by reducing customer’s resources. This action may not be as easy as it is read by an entrepreneur who is not practicing professionalism in his business. All these strategies can make Tod experience significant growth if they are structured appropriately (Bermont 2006). Conclusion Businesses are known to grow when they increase their trade volumes in the market. This includes selling of the existing products or services to the existing customers. It can also include selling new products or services to new customers. It is therefore important to acknowledge the role of growth to a business organization. Business growth requires strategies that will enable it to reach it goals. One of the ways in which a business organiza tion can grow is by extending the market reach. A business organization can also enhance its productivity by acquiring additional financial capital to expand its operations. Thus, loans, grants and investors can help to expand the business organization through this strategy. All these strategies can make Tod experience significant growth if they are structured appropriately. Reference List Bermont, D. (2006). Outrageous Business Growth: The Fast Track to Explosive Sales in any economy. NY: Morgan James Publishing, LLC. Business Growth., 2011. Business Growth Acceleration Specialists. [Online]  Available from  http://www.thecxogroup.com/intro-business-growth.htm   Business Growth., 2003. Business Growth strategies. [Online]  Available from  http://www.businessgrowthstrategies.org/   Business Link., 2011a. Assess yout Options for Growth. [Online]  Available from  http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/layer?r.l1=1074404796r.l2=1074446322r.s=tltopicId=1074457193   Business Link., 2011b. Create an Action Plan to Successfully Grow Your Business. [Online]  Available from  http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/layer?r.l1=1074404796r.l2=1074446322r.s=tltopicId=1080465278   Cim., 2001. Approaches to Business Growth. [Online]  Available from  http://www.cim.co.uk/filestore/resources/canons/growthapproaches.pdf   Ericson, M., 2007, Business Growth: Activities, Themes and Voices. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Guru., 2011. Strategies for Business growth. [Online]  Available at http://www.gurusoftware.com/gurunet/business/topics/Strategies.htm   Honorati, M., 2007. Corruption, the Business Environment, and Small Business Growth in India. The World Bank Development Group, August 2007. Little, S., 2005, Seven Irrefutable Rules of Small Business Growth. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons Inc. More business., 2011. 5 Small Business Growth Strategy Tips. [Online]  Available from   http://www.morebusiness.com/business-develop ment-strategies   Nieman, G., Pretorius, M., 2004, Managing Growth: A Guide for Entrepreneurs. Cape Town: Juta and co. Ltd. This critical writing on Business Growth was written and submitted by user Deegan Lawson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Bell Jar and Psychology essays

The Bell Jar and Psychology essays Sylvia Plaths novel, The Bell Jar is often considered a literary classic for its description of the protagonists angst ridden journey through depression. In the autobiographical novel, Esther Greenwood, Plaths protagonist, sinks into a profound depression after her third year at college during the 1950s. Esther battles not only a deteriorating mental stability, but also a lack of a sense of individuality, which leads to her major depressive disorder. Esther is a sensitive and intelligent woman who feels oppressed by the obvious social restrictions placed upon her, along with the pressure she feels regarding her future. Esther feels overwhelmed and powerless to break free of the emotional burdens of her inner world of alienation and depression. Her story of the overcoming of depression leads the reader through a story of dependency, self-criticism, and inefficacy all to become healthy once again. The novel begins in New York City, during the summer after Esther Greenwoods third year at college. Esther spends the month of June interning at a ladies' fashion magazine in Manhattan, after winning a scholarship for her writing. During her time as an intern, she becomes uninterested in the work, despite her initial expectations, and increasingly unsure of her own prospects. Esther shows the beginning signs of depression, with self-doubt along with paranoia, when faced with the possibilities of career and success as a writer. Essentially an outcast among the other 12 girls who won scholarships, Esther's numerous attempts at social conformity fail, as her image of herself is incomplete and contradictory. When returning home to the suburbs of Boston, her mother tells her she did not make a writing course she applied to, a devastating blow to Esther also grows disenchanted with her boyfriend, Buddy Willard. Her sleep and eating patterns decrease and become irregular as she falls deeper into the stages ...

Landscape Painting Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Landscape Painting Description - Essay Example The paper "Describe the landscape painting" aims to analyze the two drawings by two different artists, Chen Guan and Mi Wazhong. Seemingly, the artist was making an attempt to depict a connection between mountains and trees; this also indicates that the artist had proper environmental knowledge in the sense that: Mountainous regions are characterized by heavy rainfall; in these areas there tend to be excessive growth of trees especially at the foot of the mountain. Additionally, it is apparent that the artist is aware that the growth of trees cannot be supported by the steep slopes of any mountain. The artist did not draw tree on the steep slopes of the mountain; a scenario which may also indicate that the slopes are characterized by excessive soil erosion hence lack of tree. Consequently, the drawing depicts an attractive natural scenario that appeals to the viewers; sceneries of trees have usually been ascribed to a sense of relaxation to human mind. It also exposes the viewer to a situation of mental activity whereby; Apart from the trees and the mountains, there are also signs of fog that are evident on the mountain top as well as at the foot of the mountain around the tree tops. The fog might have been used by the artists to indicate that the region is characterized by very cold temperatures. Moreover, the fog may be an indication of high level of humidity experienced in the region. In order to provide his viewers with more detailed information, Mi Wazhong indicated shallow.

Castillian Lyric 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Castillian Lyric 2 - Essay Example The final phases of the evolution of the Castilian took place subsequent to the Arabic Invasion. In the early part of the fifth century, the Visigoths entered Romanized Spain but was not much impressed by its culture or language. They strictly followed the traditions and language of their homeland. As time went by, they began to inter marry and therefore allowed their children to learn the Roman Tongue which in turn evolved to be a kind of Pidgin-Latin. Since Latin was used as a literary tongue in that part of Spain where the Castilian speech evolved, over time became a proper language. Three Romance or Roman languages were in the hands of the Christians in that part of Spain – in Catalonia and Argon, the Provencal, Catalan or Limousin; in Asturias, Old Castile or Leon the Castilian; and in Galicia, the Gallego. During the Provencal – Catalan period, courts of love were held with great seriousness and proved that the art of love competed with the forces of law and religion. From the glorification of the relations between the sexes, there arose a science of chivalry which gradually spread to Castile. This fired the imagination of the Spanish mind and they came to accept and appreciate Romantic Literature. In time, all foreign languages lost their alien character and evolved from the crucible of Spanish thought- Castilian. The Troubadour poets of Provence and Catalonia were responsible in accomplishing the perfection of rhyming verse. These songs have great musical sense and the predominant theme is –â€Å"the exaltation of love† Castilian poetry and romance was greatly influenced by Provencal and Catalan troubadours. The Galician, a romance language which grew from the same root as the Portuguese, was nearly akin to Castilian. It is not rich in guttural sounds and has less of the Teutonic in its compositions. Galician influence upon Castilian literature ceased at an early period. The evolution of the Castilian from the original Latin

General Theory of Relativity Essay Example for Free

General Theory of Relativity Essay The universe consists of many fascinating objects. Unfortunately, some of which cannot be known with just the naked eye. This is because it cannot be seen from Earth, and other technological advancements are needed to fully determine its nature. This is also the reason why several people have acquired false notions of what those objects are. One of those objects is the black hole. Science fiction films and and television shows have given the public a different view of black holes (Lochner 2006), poles apart from what they really are. This research paper seeks to discuss the definition and characteristics of black holes. Before the characteristics of a black hole can be discussed, it is first necessary to define what it is. An introduction is in order. So what is black hole? According to Lochner (2006), it is the â€Å"evolutionary end point of massive stars (p. 2). † There are stars which has sizes much bigger than that of the Sun. In fact, some of them are â€Å"at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † When a star of this size sustains a supernova explosion, it leaves behind some stellar residue. Since in space there are no other forces to fight gravity, the residue will crumble unto itself. Lochner (2006) narrates, â€Å"The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a singularity (p. 2). † Eventually, density will increase; the light rays which is diffused by the star will then be encircling the star. â€Å"Any emitted photons are trapped into an orbit by the intense gravitational field; they will never leave it (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † The moment the star reaches the point of no density, all the light is trapped. Hence, it is called the black hole. The phrase black hole was coined by John Archibald Wheeler (Bunn, 1995). Prior to that, the objects were called frozen stars (Bunn, 1995). Even in the time of Isaac Newton, the existence of objects as such has been thought of. Now it is more accurately explained using Einsteins General Theory of Relativity. This is â€Å"a geometric theory of gravitation, which incorporates and extends the theory of special relativity to accelerated frames of reference and introducing the principle that gravitational and inertial forces are equivalent (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † This theory then explains the possibility for such occurrences like bent light caused by massive objects and the very nature of black holes. Such theory enables the event wherein â€Å"space and time become so warped that time practically stops in the vicinity of a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † Black holes are identified to have an estimated mass of 4-15 Suns. Since black holes are formed after the death of a star, or supernova explosions, these explosions in turn have after-effects. These effects give way to X-ray binaries which is referred to as black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). Moreover, there exists galaxy-mass black holes. These massive black holes are usually placed in Active Galactic Nuclei, or AGN. AGN is a â€Å"class of galaxies which spew massive amounts of energy from their centers, far more than ordinary galaxies (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † The black holes in question are said to have a mass of 10-100 billion Suns (Lochner, 2006, p. 1), a testament to how enormous they really are. The mass of one of these enormous black holes was recently determined by radio astronomy (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). The black hole has been portrayed by pop culture as one which sucks objects in; Lochner (2006) refers to the black holes inaccurate depiction as â€Å"a cosmic vacuum cleaner (p. 2). † He notes, â€Å"If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the same mass, the earths orbit around the Sun would be unchanged Of course the Earths temperature would change, and there would be no solar wind or solar magnetic storms affecting us (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † This is because a black hole can â€Å"exert the same force on something far away from it as any other object of the same mass would (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † If in any instance, an object gets â€Å"sucked† into the hole, that very same object will pass through what is called â€Å"Schwarzschild radius (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † â€Å"This is the radius r of the event horizon for a Schwarzschild black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † In the Schwarzschild radius, the escape speed and light speed is equal. Therefore, in the instance that light passes through, the light would not be able to escape. Say for example, a black hole with the same mass as the Sun, takes its place. Then the radius will still be different. The Suns radius is estimated at 700,000 km, while the Schwarzschild radius is only 3km (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). This would entail that the Earth must be of closer proximity to get sucked in a black hole in the center of our solar system. From where we are it is impossible to see the black holes. How do we then determine their existence? Since black holes are merely massive star remains, it would mean that they are of a small size. Also, because all the light gets trapped into itself, it would be impossible to see. Nonetheless, there are instances wherein a black hole can make itself perceivable. According to Lochner (2006), â€Å"if a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, or is close to another normal star, the black hole can accrete matter into itself. As the matter falls or is pulled towards the black hole, it gains kinetic energy, heats up and is squeezed by tidal forces. The heating ionizes the atoms and when the atoms reach a few million degrees Kelvin, they emit X-rays. The X-rays are sent off into space before the matter crosses the Schwarzschild radius and crashes into the singularity. Thus we can see this X-ray emission (p. 1). † Thus, black holes are dependent on other stars to make its presence known. The very same X-rays are also determinants of â€Å"black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It was said that a â€Å"companion star is a perfect source of infalling material for a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Because the X-ray sources are binary, a binary system is also enforced. This system makes the computation of the black hole candidates mass possible. The moment the mass is calculated, it can be deduced whether the said candidate is a black hole or a neuron star. What is a neuron star? It is â€Å"the imploded core of a massive star produced by a supernova explosion (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Now these neuron stars are characterized by masses which are estimated to be 1. 5 times more than the sun. Moreover, if there exists random variation of emitted X-rays, this is also a signifier of a black holes presence. Lochner (2006) states, â€Å"The infalling matter that emits X-rays does not fall into the black hole at a steady rate, but rather more sporadically, which causes an observable variation in X-ray intensity(p. 2). † In addition, â€Å"if the X-ray source is in a binary system, the X-rays will be periodically cut off as the source is eclipsed by the companion star (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † All these characteristics are considered in identifying possible black hole candidates. For further identification, there are X-ray satellites which examines the skies for X-ray sources that may point out black hole candidates. For the longest time, there has been an identified black hole candidate in the name of Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). â€Å"It is a highly variable and irregular source with X-ray emission that flickers in hundredths of a second (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † When one exhibits such an irregularity, it becomes a black hole candidate. How? It is because it is impossible for an object â€Å"to flicker faster than the time required for light to travel across the object (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Lochner (2006) highlights this fact: â€Å"In a hundredth of a second, light travels 3000 kilometers. This is one fourth of Earths diameter (p. 2)! † From this, it can be concluded that the region from which the x-rays surrounding Cygnus X-1 are derived, is relatively small. Now Cygnus X-1 has a companion star with the name HDE 226868. This companion star is â€Å"a B0 supergiant with a surface temperature of about 31,000 K (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Now observations found that the spectral lines of HDE 226868, which is the â€Å"light given off at a specific frequency by an atom or molecule (Lochner, 2006, p. 2),† had been changing within 5. 6 days. It was also said that the mass of HDE 226868 is estimated to be 30 times greater than the Suns mass. This would mean that Cygnus X-1may possess at least a mass of 7 solar masses. Why 7 solar masses? This is what is required to create the tremendous gravitational pull that would result in the fluctuation in the spectral lines of HDE 226868. Astronomers thought that since 7 masses does not characterize a neuron star or a white dwarf, which is a star that has exhausted most or all of its nuclear fuel and has collapsed to a very small size, it must then be a black hole. However, this issue about Cygnus X-1being a black hole has also been surrounded by much skepticism. There is some speculation that the HDE 226868 may be too small for its spectral category, which in turn implies that Cygnus X-1is smaller than was previously declared. Moreover, uncertainty also shrouds the the mass calculations. It is because â€Å"uncertainties in the distance to the binary system would also influence mass calculations (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † If the computations are inaccurate, the Cygnus X-1may end up only having 3 solar masses. If Cygnus X-1 has only 3 solar masses, it could be classified as merely being a neuron star, and not a black hole. The good news is that there are more binaries which reveal the possibility of a black hole, that which is much stronger than in Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). In the year 1975, an X-ray transient known as A0620-00 was discovered. In the mid-80s, it was found that the mass of this object was more than 3. 5 solar masses. This fact alone eradicates the possibility of a neuron star, since neuron stars usually possess solar masses of 1. 5. In fact, the discovery of A0620-00 may have put into question the feasibility of other theories. Nonetheless, the best finding regarding black holes is V404 Cygni. This star was found to have an estimated 10 solar masses. Several journals have also written about the existence of black holes. In the 1995 edition of Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics,there was a review conducted by Kormendy and Richstone, which implied the eight galaxies were thought to have â€Å"massive dark objects in their centers (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † These cores were found to have masses which range from 1 million to several billion times that of the sun. Their massiveness was determined by noting how â€Å"the speed with which stars and gas orbit around the center of the galaxy: the faster the orbital speeds, the stronger the gravitational force required to hold the stars and gas in their orbits (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † In fact, this is how astronomy usually measures masses. There are two reasons why these massive galactic centers were deemed as black holes. To begin with, the centers are â€Å"too dense and dark (Bunn, 1995, p. 1)† to even be considered as a group of stars, or just merely stars. â€Å"Second, the only promising theory to explain the enigmatic objects known as quasars and active galaxies postulates that such galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † Even though these reasons point out that the galactic centers are really black holes, there is no sufficient evidence to prove it. Nonetheless, there is a continuous discovery for proofs that systems do include black holes. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"a nearby active galaxy was found to have a water maser system (a very powerful source of microwave radiation) near its nucleus. Using the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry, a group of researchers was able to map the velocity distribution of the gas with very fine resolution (p. 1). † They also determined that the velocity was â€Å"less than half a light-year of the center of the galaxy (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † It is from this fact that they deemed the object as a black hole, simply because only a black hole can have that much mass concentrated in such a small volume (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). All these results are included in January 12, 1995 issue of Nature, vol. 373. , as was reported by Miyoshi et al (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). Is there a possibility that the Sun can be a black hole? No. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"only stars that weigh considerably more than the Sun end their lives as black holes (p. 1). † For about five billion years, the Sun will remain in its present state. After that, the Sun will undergo a phase wherein it will be a red giant star. The Sun will then end its life as a white dwarf star. If there are black holes, are there white ones? According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"the equations of general relativity have an interesting mathematical property: they are symmetric in time. That means that you can take any solution to the equations and imagine that time flows backwards rather than forwards, and youll get another valid solution to the equations. If you apply this rule to the solution that describes black holes, you get an object known as a white hole (p. 1). † If a black hole then pulls objects in, a white hole would then push things out. The former sucks in, the latter spits out. However, there is no proof that white holes exist, and there are no studies to point out if their existence is a possibility. There has also been speculations about the existence of what is called worm holes. What is a worm hole? It is â€Å"a theoretical opening in space-time that one could use to travel to far away places very quickly (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It is characterized by â€Å"two copies of the black hole geometry connected by a throat the throat, or passageway, is called an Einstein-Rosen bridge (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † As is indicated in the definition, it is merely theoretical. There is no scientific basis nor experimental evidence for such existence. However, it is indeed amazing to think that such existence is possible. Do black holes disappear or evaporate? Even astronomers are not sure as to how black holes end their existence. Bunn (1995) notes that â€Å"Back in the 1970s, Stephen Hawking came up with theoretical arguments showing that black holes are not really entirely black: due to quantum-mechanical effects, they emit radiation. The energy that produces the radiation comes from the mass of the black hole. Consequently, the black hole gradually shrinks. It turns out that the rate of radiation increases as the mass decreases, so the black hole continues to radiate more and more intensely and to shrink more and more rapidly until it presumably vanishes entirely (p. 1)† This is a mere theory. There have been no proof or scientific conclusions as to how black holes really diminish. Black holes are just one of the many things included in the vast universe we are a part of. Thanks to science and the technological advancements at present, we can have greater awareness and knowledge of what is within our universe but beyond our reach. References Bunn, T. (1995). Black Hole FAQ List. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://cosmology. berkeley. edu/Education/BHfaq. html. Lochner, J. (2007). Black Holes. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes. html.

Strange Fits of Passion Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

The lunatic, the lover, and the poet, are of imagination all compact. ~William Shakespeare, Mid-Summer Night's Dream, 1595, this quote by Shakespeare is a definitive illustration of Wordsworth’s persona in his poem Strange Fits of Passion I have known. In the poem the speaker embarks on a moonlight horse ride to his lover lucy’s cottage; it is during his ride there that the speaker engages in â€Å"lunatic† thoughts imagining lucy being dead when he arrives to see her. The poem is uniquely characterized by the adverse effects of love on a person, as well as how nature has an effect on human emotion; the latter being a staple theme in many of Wordsworth’s literary pieces. In the first stanza the speaker begins to vocalize the thought he had experienced while travelling to his lover’s cottage. Strange fits of passion have I known: And I will dare to tell, But in the Lover’s ear alone, What once to me befell. The speaker describes his sudden outburst of emotion as â€Å"strange† as he is keenly aware that his thoughts of lucy being dead are peculiar. It is common that when in love a person may pay heed to their imagination moreso than reality ; The line â€Å"But in the Lover’s ear aloneâ€Å"(Line three) is the speaker saying that he will share his â€Å"strange† thoughts but only to those who, like him, are in the throes of passion for they would understand the affects love can have on a person Wordsworth is known for his references to nature in many of his poems , the second stanza in this poem doesn’t stray from that commonality. When she I loved looked every day Fresh as a rose in June, I to her cottage bent my way, ... ...n his chest. The final stanza at last reveals the speaker’s thoughts that have been accumulating throughout the poem. What fond and wayward thoughts will slide Into a Lover’s head! â€Å"O mercy!† to myself I cried, â€Å"If Lucy should be dead!† Appalled at this final revelation it is apparent that the speaker has experienced similar thoughts and that sometimes despite great efforts your imagination can steer your thoughts to the contrary of rational thinking â€Å"What fond and wayward thoughts will slide ( Line 25) Into a Lover’s head! â€Å"(Line 26). Strange fits of passion is another poem by Wordsworth that uses nature as a medium when conveying human emotion but provides a unique portrayal of the absurdities of emotional experience that can evolve from passionate love.