Welfare Benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Government assistance Benefits - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that it was intended to help individuals from the American culture manage the emergency, which was influencing them at that point, a considerable lot of its adversaries accepted that what it proposed was communism; something that they accepted was not in accordance with the American lifestyle. During this period, most of ladies and individuals from minority bunches in American culture were prohibited from getting any compensation from the joblessness protection and benefits for the older. Lately, in any case, there have been changes to the program and each state has its own government assistance framework as per the requirements of its kin. Since its commencement, the arrangements of government assistance have been changing frequently because of the stresses brought over by the circumstances of the economy just as the changing jobs of sexual orientation and the combination of minority bunches into the American standard. During the 1950s, there were discusses that centered more around how satisfactory inclusion could be given, moving endlessly from the attention on which gatherings of occupation could be incorporated, as had been done previously. From that point forward all the adjustments in Social Security have been endeavors to realize a harmony between the arrangement of satisfactory insurance just as the advancement of balance while giving this security (Beland, 2008). At the point when the first Social Security Act is contrasted with those of European nations during a similar period, one will find that it does exclude the scope of projects that had been created in these nations. This is on the grounds that when this Act was planned, it was finished with the expectation that any extra projects of social protection and pay backing would be set up later. Instances of such expected expansions are the giving of advantages to companions and youngsters, which was passed in 1939 and the death of projects of help and protection for the incapaci tated individuals during the 1950s. The improvement of projects in different territories took all the more a critical thinking and gradual methodology. Thus, the Medicare and Medicaid programs were embraced in 1965 as a reaction to explicit clinical consideration needs of the old in the public arena and the maintained deficiency of clinical consideration under open help (Social Security Bulletin, 2006). The presentation of the Food Stamp program in 1964 and its later broad development came as a reaction to the proof that there was tenacious yearning and lack of healthy sustenance in certain gatherings inside the populace notwithstanding the way that the general public was commonly well-to-do. The Supplemental Security Income program was presented in 1974 as a national least salary ensure for those individuals who were matured, visually impaired, and incapacitated in the public arena and this was to check the distinctions in the preferred position levels and qualification esteems fit ting to these individuals under the help programs. The Food Stamp program is accessible to people and families who are qualified for installments under the Supplemental Security Income Program and to those denied people and families who are not reasonable for the last program. Another attribute of the advancement of social government assistance strategy in the United States is the significant level of decentralization that is shown and a component for this is the bureaucratic arrangement of government, which isolates obligation among the administrative, state, and nearby governments. A portion of these projects are supported and controlled by the central government alone; others include just the state, with or without the association of nearby governments; lastly, others include every one of the three degrees of government. This government structure fills three fundamental needs in this government assistance strategy and these are the dispersal of

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay Kim is a fine imaginative creation composed by Rudyard Kipling. It strongly affects the perusers mind that gives a solid feeling of soul for audacious excursion, whereby the two primary characters are in transit for looking through their particular objectives. Kim needs to discover his fortune where as Tahsoo Lama needs to find a specific stream of bolt. All the characters in the novel, are a piece of Great Game. For Mahbub Ali, Hari Babu, Creighton Sahib it implies a government operative game, a political one for example a piece of British supreme framework. For Tashoo Lama it is a wheel of life, wheel of things in its otherworldly and philosophical implications. For Kim it is a satisfaction of his own inquisitive want and nature. All through the novel Kim faces an issue of his personality. The issue emerges because of his relationship with various personalities, societies and belief systems. We are educated that he is a white conceived vagrant who wears some charmings in his neck which are his lone legacy to demonstrate him British. His indigenious qualities place him with Indians. He is raised in Lahore by a poor half-position Hindu lady. Our place of study here is to see to what degree he is an Indian? Kipling is resolved him to be a white, a British. In the absolute first page of the novel he says : In spite of the fact that he was scorched dark as any local; however he talked the vernacular by inclination and his first language in a cut unsure sing-melody, however he partnered on terms of ideal correspondence with the little young men of the bazaar; Kim was white a poor white of the very poorest.[Chap.- 1] Hence along these lines he has reprimanded completely all the social and social components which make a man and give him character. To demonstrate him British, is to detach him. The birth and the guardians don't make the character as it were. It is structured by society and culture, and his collaborations in it. Most fundamentally Kipling presents Kim with Indianness, Indian items, Indian thoughts, and thinking. He is experienced childhood in the general public of Lahore city. He carries on with the untamed life of Arabian Nights and he can see its excellence. He disposes of English style of staying distanced from normality. It is his nativity which isolates him from his progenitors. Kims society incorporates Abdullah, Mahbub Ali, the Muslims; Chote Lal, the Hindu; the fakirs; the little kid of bazaar; the local police officer; water bearer; Jawahir Singh the woodworker. He isn't unique in relation to every one of these individuals from Lahore city society. He is taken care of by a half-station Hindu lady who wanted that he should wear the European pieces of clothing yet Kim thought that it was simpler to slip into Hindu or Mohammedan garb[Chap.- 1] In organization of his local companions he is calm. He knows their language and all standings. It is his general public where he grows up learning the exceptionally local information on it. Frequently locals are characterized with their attributes like effortlessness, sensible, information which comes out of consistently reasonable life, interest, fervor, honesty. Kim has every one of these characteristics. He is exceptionally inquisitive to think about the new things. He carries on in local way and the shrewdness he shows is progressively Indian. He cites the adages which keeps up profound getting, information and deep rooted understanding. In the event that we consider Kim a solid character he is less Indian than British. In any case, he is certainly not an all inclusive white man since he loathes evangelists, he inclines toward vernacular and he is consistently ready to achieve compassion from others. He loathes going school where the study halls are desolate for him. He carries on with his life among road young men asking for food, which he can most likely accomplish tolerating the white society. He needs to carry on with a free life as do the Indians, so he stays from ministers or any white individual who can take ownership over him, all together not to enjoy unadventurous existence of routine and reality. He is brought into the world white Christian and he is well aware of it yet it annoys him to enter again in white society. He engages his existence with Indians with no constraint. He is glad in living with them and treats them equivalent to him however his temperament is to assume control over anyone is just because of his profoundly experienced and receptive out spoken character. As opposed to it,the Britishers remain unaware of India. He has experiences there and each mystery action pulls in him. So he is indicated consistently keen on moving in roads in dim, moving high on the top of houses to investigate to some degree his advantage. The haziness and his shading dark both are related with the Indians by the Britishers in setting of India.He knows Indian reasonableness since he has lived with them.His union with Mahbub Ali began distinctly with his need of food and his inquisitive nature drives him to new encounters. He has nothing to do with Britishers and with their game. He is shows up as a common character. He says to Mahbub Ali that he is neither Muslim nor he is Hindu even he doesn't state that he is chrisitan. He may scrutinize a Lama or a Hindu yet he never guarantees his perspectives about religion. At the point when he is acquainted with Catholicism he sees it another arrangement of Gods and Godlings [Chap.- 7].Even being a Sahib or a White vexes him.He says to Lama-Thou hast said there is neither dark nor white.Why plague me with this talk?'[Chap.- 15]. He is strange to a British and has encircled himself in Indian style. Indianness has mature in him and on the off chance that we need also observe Britishness in him we can see just impressions of it. He gives the characters yet more the perusers to feel comfortable in their local condition. His knowledge is normal with the ministers in town who claim the psyches everything being equal. He is kept to India. In the event that he would have another character or from somewhere else this couldn't have occurred. There would be a few associations from outside. He is reacting to the two Indians just as English in a manner which may suit them however he assumes no liability of it. Regularly he has a place with the class of individuals in India who had firm confidence in fittingness of British guideline over India, whose thoughts are motivated by west however activities constrained to their own social condition The connection among Lama and Kim is likewise a run of the mill Indian connection among Guru and Shishya.He is a chela, not a pupil of Lama. Kim demands his being chela. He says to Lama I am your chela. Am I not?Am I not your chela? Kiplings utilization of words contextualize him in certain outskirts. The symbolicism additionally recommends the Indianness in Kim. By what means can a man follow the way or the extraordinary game when he is so consistently irritated by ladies?, he says. The way or the incredible game represent the hallowed way to arrive at a definitive truth. The words can't be taken uniquely for spy game. Kipling says that Kim thought in the vernacular on this occasion.And this is conceivable just by his connection with Lama and his Indian roots, which made him ready to think profoundly. He cherishes the nation. Mahbub asks him And who are thy individuals companion of all the world? Kim answers This incredible and delightful land. The orality of characters and discourses interfaces the story, the character and even the creator to the land whereupon it performs itself. The axioms must come out from that particular spot to which the client have a place and its client must have additionally the wide sense and comprehension for utilizing it. It's anything but a days work and he who knows it and utilizations is a greater amount of that place than other. Kim utilizes the sayings and language wonderfully. Interestingly, the maxims, have their specific tone and sense that they are not found in another dialects. They are more Indian than some other things in the novel can be. The everyday talks likewise gives it an Indian shading. Orality and significance of discourse both are performative and setting bound, and moves from European styles and impacts. These are arranged outside the European or English perfiery. It has its own Indian social space. Language which is given to Kim by Kipling is Indian in importance and setting. The language of English clerics, Lurgan Sahib and Creighton sahib is not quite the same as that of Kim. Kims language is hybridization of English, Hindi and Urdu. There we can unmistakably observe the strength of unadulterated English over the English blended in with vernacular thus two unique levels are made and Kim is ascribed lower one for example increasingly related to Indians, extraordinarily around then. The language educates around ones status and character. English clerics sends him for learning English implies that so far he isn't an English. He has learned and acknowledged Indian culture and qualities. His acception of master chela relationship with Lama and his treatment of a wiped out kid at Banaras are its best case. He thinks in Hindi (Hindustani), in the tongue he knows best as the essayist says[Chap.6]. It implies that principally he is Hindustani than it doesn't make a difference what other language he speaks.His utilization of Urdu and Hindi language keeps up Indianness in him. He is a nearby legend. On the off chance that Kim can utilize aurhoritative language, at that point it doesn't imply that he is Britisher since it very well may be rehearsed by some other Indian too. Being a piece of Great Game likewise doesn't recognize him with Creighton or Lurgam Sahib. On the off chance that it is the situation, at that point what you will say about Hari Babu who is a piece of Great Game and communicates in English Kim has part awareness of being both an Indian and a British. His incessant want for friendship of Lama and the street, his disinterestedness in being a Sahib, and going to class are the solid case of his re-attestation of local social personality. His personality can be developed uniquely in as indicated by his socio-political financial parallels under in which he lived. Kims obscurity is first point which isolates him from Britishers. Socially he is a piece of Indian world. Kim in his youth is given to a full developed masculinity. Maybe it won't not be right to state that he is by all accounts character of creators creative mind, not from this present reality. Yet, what actually, he is posterity of Indian

Letter From Birmingham Jail - Essay Topics

Letter From Birmingham Jail - Essay TopicsWriting a letter from Birmingham Jail is an honor and I can tell you that you are to be commended for your effort. Writing a letter from a prison is something that not many people ever get to do. I was lucky enough to be able to be sent a letter from Birmingham Jail when I asked them for some help in my writing career.In the state of Alabama they have a person who has become known as the 'basketball player.' His name is Walter McCarville. He was arrested in 2020 for stealing from some high school kids. He got off with just a year in prison and probation.You can imagine that I was excited to get the letter in the mail and the help that I needed to write a better essay. I would never admit it but the real truth is that I was a little behind the times when it came to writing. I thought I had to have the last word, but that just wasn't the case.The basketball player was looking for a tutor who could help him with his essay writing skills. I told him what I knew about this topic and he asked me if I knew how to write a better essay. I started to feel very bad for not knowing more. I was going to help him out because I really wanted to help.I could only imagine what it must have been like for the basketball player to be going through what he was going through in jail. It was so sad, but the way that he put his trust in me and my writing skills made me a better writer. I am so thankful for what I was able to do for him and I truly believe that this helps out all students.You can write a letter from Birmingham Jail and that could mean a lot to you. This doesn't happen very often and I know that you will be glad that you got a chance to do it. As a matter of fact, I wish there were more people like you out there.Yes, when you are in prison you probably don't have much time to do anything else other than study and take care of yourself. Well, you have someone in your corner and he is very willing to show you where to go to get th e best advice. This is why I would encourage you to use the power of the Internet.There are essay topics that are available on the Internet that you can take advantage of. That way you can focus on what you need to learn and get out of jail fast. So, write a letter from Birmingham Jail and get the necessary help to get you to a better place in life.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 890 Words

There are people who are criticizing why marijuana should not be legalized and why it’s dangerous to health. According to the research performed by Harvard University, â€Å"kids who used marijuana only recreationally showed significant abnormalities in the brain† (1). In a related study from the University Of Maryland School, Of Medicine found that â€Å"Regular marijuana use during adolescence, but not adulthood, may permanently impair cognition and increase the risk for psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia.† (1) May cause death. In similar circumstances, people who advocate against marijuana being legalized may talk about, how marijuana is a gateway drug and if marijuana is legalized than drug use among kids will increase drastically. The position that I just stated is wrong and here’s why. What if your son or daughter or mother is passing away and the only thing that will assist them live little longer is marijuana and it s illegal in your state , what would you do? I am not stating that cannabis can help people live longer, but it helps people feel much better and delays some internal diseases from spreading. I am proposing that Marijuana should be legalized in the United States. There are main three reasons as to why marijuana should be legalized: Economic reasons, Medical reasons, and criminal reasons. Marijuana should be legalized since it will help a country economically because the tax and revenue from marijuana sales. Let’s look at one of the examples, ColoradoShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreatio nal drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

The Design and Positioning Schools of Strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3536 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? Sadler Craig (2003) describe strategy as a long duration action plan, drafted for achieving defined objectives. In Greek language, strategy pertains to the act of leading an army. Different types of strategies, developed for resolving day-to-day challenges, form part of the strategic management process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Design and Positioning Schools of Strategy" essay for you Create order Business organizations have always been at the crossroads of options over the fundamental strategic decisions. Corporate think tanks spend major amounts of their quality time in debating about the decisions on the forward outlook of the organization. The decisions to adopt an appropriate short and long term strategy for an organization had always been debatable. The point of debate had been focused on whether the adopted strategy would result in enhancing the shareholder value, as it is fundamental to the existence of an organization. It has been observed that the shareholder value is a function of revenues being generated by the organization. Thus, the strategists need to worry about whether the organization makes efforts to reducing the bottom-line vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis increasing the top line? These questions have never been easy to answer and the dynamic business environment has further complicated the decision making. No amount of tactical decision making can resolve these fundame ntal dilemmas. Instead, appropriate strategic thinking can enable the top leadership in determining the steer they want to provide to the organization (Davenport, Leibold, Voelpel, 2006). Mintzberg, Henry, Lampel, Joseph, Ahlstrand, Bruce (1998) explained ten business strategies, including design and positioning schools in Strategy Safari. The following text focuses on these two schools of thoughts in the business strategies. Basic details of each school of strategy is followed by a discussion on the roots of each of the strategies, risks, uncertainty its management, influence of market structure and the environments. The analysis concludes with the comparison between these two schools of strategic thoughts. Design School of Strategy According to the design school, the strategy is described as a series of varied operations, executed to achieve the fit between the internal capabilities and external possibilities of an organization. The design school believes that the managerial values of the people leaders and the social responsibilities are two important factors in determining the strategy for any organization (Sloan, 2006). Thus, as per the design school, the preferences and the beliefs of the people leading the organization and the perceived ethics of the environment in which the organization operates are important contributors to determine the strategic intent of any organization. In the design school of strategy, after the various alternative strategies have been determined, the next step is to evaluate and make a choice on the best one. The implementation of the strategic action plan is subject to the agreement of all stakeholders on the final strategy. Roots of Design School Mintzberg et al. (1998) attribute the origins of the design school to two influential books written at the University of California and at M.I.T.; Philip Selznicks Leadership in Administration of 1957, and Alfred D. Chandlers Strategy and Structure of 1962. Selznicks conception of distinctive competence, brought the need of the organizations to align (implement) its internal capabilities with the external expectation. Sloan (2006) mentions that the term design school in its noun form are used with an objective to convey a form or a structure. However, in its verb form, it means that the organization must tailor its capabilities to get a fit with the external requirements. The model of design school emphasizes the analysis of the internal and external situations, the former detailing the strength weaknesses of the organization while the later revealing the opportunities threats. This seems similar to the SWOT analysis. Risk The risk of the design school strategy is the detachment of the thinking from the acting. This separation of the two important aspects of any process execution makes it risky for any business to implement design schools of strategy. The risks can be certain as well as un-certain. Certain risks are those risks, which an organization will face in any case; hence, every necessary step needs to be taken in order to avoid this risk. However, uncertain risks are those risks, upon which an organization has no control and hence, no precautionary measures can be taken (Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein, 1993). Indeed, risk plays a very critical role in any line of business. Despite the fact, that risk is innate to every single business, its amount of impact can differ according to several factors, which include globalization, input costs, competition, weather, compliance, regulations, competition, exchange rate, and many more. These factors affect the different organization in different ways . For example, some lines of business have many competitors, while some have few, hence, risks plays a different role in different businesses. Design school of strategy identifies risks and provides solutions to it, but it detaches itself from the implementation of the solutions, which can resolve such risks. Hence, identification of the certain risks would be possible by the design school of strategy but implementing the strategy to resolve it would not form part of its process (Mintzberg Lampel, 1999). Uncertainty Uncertainty, unexpected or unforeseeable changes, cannot be proactively planned or predicted and must be dealt with a more reactive manner; uncertainty, therefore, creates the risk. The challenge to the design school strategy is the resolution of uncertainty through Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat and Trends (SWOTT) analysis. It can be argued that design strategy cannot identify every possible scenario for an organization to become successful, even with its distinctive competencies to insure a best-fit strategy let alone its organizations social responsibility and managerial values during the creation, evaluation and selection of the best-fit strategies (Mahoney, Pandian, 1992). In fact, the design school assumes that decisions made to ensure best-fit strategies are known. Practically, this presumption is negated. For example, the impact of recent recession would not have been as worse as it was. If the presumptions of this strategy were true then the financial firms would have been able to forecast the recession. Moreover, the impact should have been less, as they would have prepared themselves accordingly. Managing Uncertainty Managing and coping with uncertainty is not easy. It is difficult to plan for unexpected and uncertain scenario. Thus, an uncertain situation has to be dealt with a reactive approach. However, according to Garret (1999) uncertainty can be managed. He argued that companies having proactive involvement with uncertainty are better positioned to address the repeated occurrences of uncertainty. Therefore, a better management of uncertainty happens by timely identification of changes in the business environmental, then embarking upon, and reducing uncertainty either concurrently or sequentially. Influences of Market structure on Strategic Options The design school strategy market structure examination establishes the organization key success factors (external) and its distinctive competences (internal) fit through, what is known as SWOT analysis. The market structure is one of the key determinants for any organization considering the strategic options. Design school strategy can be followed by small firms operating into a monopolistic competition market. The example of such a sector is retail trade, including clothing stores, restaurants and convenience stores. The services industries in large cities come under this category. As the organization size is smaller, one person can drive the strategies of the organization. In this market, the value of the brand makes the customers buy the product of a certain firm. The competition is generally of non-price category, though in the long run, the firm can increase the cost of its products without losing its customers. Environment Once again, the design school uses SWOTT analysis to look at the external or internal threat, through scanning its environment. The examination establishes the organizations key success factors (external) and its distinctive competences (internal) fit. Threats to firms can be identified as either major or minor threats. The major threats need immediate attention. The design school proposes the matching of organizations strength with the major threat facing it. The organization may need to adapt its strategy to overcome the major threat facing its existence (Finlay, 2000). Thus, a small firm facing a turbulent environment can choose to follow the design school of strategy to succeed in the competitive environment. Positioning School of Strategy The positioning school of strategy follows a narrow approach in terms of identifying the best strategy for an organization. It is calculative, quantifiable, and relies on the analysts to determine the strategic action plan. The positioning school approach is generic in nature involving few strategies, which can be potentially applied across the industry segments and any verticals. Once, the strategic goal is identified, the next step in this strategic process is to apply few generic strategies to achieve the identified goal. For example, if the strategic goal is to attain a certain position in a particular market segment in any given industry, the strategy would be to defend the interest of the organization in that particular segment against any current or future competitors. The positioning school of thought consider the strategies being generic in nature, and having positions, which are identifiable in the market place. The positioning school strategies are based on the result of calculations done by the analysts, who are monitoring the market with respect to the goal of the organization. The strategies, pursuant to this process, are deliberate positional strategies, which effectively drive the organizational structure triggered by market structure (Finlay, 2000). Roots of positioning school As per Mintzberg et al. (1998), The Positioning School is largely derived from the two books from Porter, Competitive Strategy (1980) and Competitive Advantage (1985). It believes that Strategy is the process of selecting from the generic strategy and implementing it as a follow through mechanism of the business logic of the generic strategy. Any novice would think that there could be a plethora of positional strategies, given that there are so many market forces. However, positional strategy thinkers like Michael Porter have different thoughts. According to Porters 5 forces model, there are only two types of basic competitive strategies in which an organization operates which are differentiation and low cost. Porter combined the scope of a particular business to crystallize the three generic strategies (1)Leadership in cost producing and selling low cost goods (2) Differentiation Innovation in producing unique goods, and (3) Focus To operate in the limited market segment (Sl oan, 2006) Risk Power (2004) considers direct and indirect risks are two major categories of the risk. Direct risks are usually those type of risks over which an organization have control or they can affect. These risks frequently affect the businesss supply chain, labor force, operations as well as competitive position. On the other hand, indirect or external risks are those risks, which include such factors, which are beyond the control of the company. Interest rates, currency exchange rates, energy costs and weather are some of the examples of indirect risks. One more factor, which affects risk, is efficiency and competency. Organizations, regardless of size or industry, regularly deal with various types of risks, whether by a formal or an informal way. Business leaders, usually attempt to manage risk or permit risk to handle them. Although, the amount of risk as well as other related activities contrasts widely with the different line of business, the basis for creating effectual strategies for risk management includes analysis as well as planning. Positioning school of strategy is highly adept at handling the risks in the marketplace. However, the depth of analysis is dependent upon the variables considered by the analysts. This process of risk management, attenuate the focus of the company and needlessly amplify the cost by defining the operational plans each time (Mintzberg et. al, 1999). Given adequate capacity as well as flexibility, few businesses can achieve agreeable results without the help of immediate risk management. Positioning school strategy matches the most useful strategy with the conditions prevalent at the time of decision-making. Using fairly standard and stable analytical decision models, these generic method synergies the decision making to handle all types of risks. Another approach for managing risk factor in positioning school is to lessen the risk itself, in addition to its potential effect on the business or school. Although reducin g risk will reduce uncertainty, it, in general, need better and larger resources comparing to the reactive method. Positioning school also suggests the reduction of the impact of risk. Generic strategies of cost leadership, differentiation and focus can be followed to achieve the reduction in the impact of risk. Uncertainty The uncertainty or the unexpected risks in the business environment need to be handled pro-actively to keep the show in the road. The success of any business depends on how the frequently the uncertain situations are faced. The challenging situations, decision making with a short-term horizon can result in the uncertain business results. Moreover, the business environment is never certain. The new competitors are always there to enter the business sector, in which the firm is operating. The bargaining power of the customers and suppliers is ever changing, and the business firm needs to respond appropriately to the uncertainty around it. Managing Uncertainty The management of the uncertainty in positioning school of strategy is dependent upon the porters generic strategy. These generic strategies are cost leadership, focus and differentiation. The firm can choose any of these three generic strategies to manage uncertainty in the future. The analysis of the firms economic landscape combined with the identification of the appropriate generic strategy results in the firm achieving the competitive advantage (Porter Miller, 1985). Influences of Market Structure Positioning school is believed to be highly dependent on the market structure to determine the strategy. The analysis conducted by the consultants for the current market structure determines the organization structure. The positional school strategies are deliberate, which are dependent on the analysts view. Oligopoly market structure is most suitable for the application of positioning school strategy. Any player, having the intent to differentiate itself in the oligopoly market has to differentiate itself. This is achieved by positioning the firm/products in the market, differentiating it from the other players. The role of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is marginalized in determining the appropriate strategies to be undertaken in the positioning school of strategy. The role of the analysts or consultants is very important in determining the appropriate strategy for any organization. The process followed by the analysts is that he evaluates the market place, domain, and sect or. After the evaluation, he formulates the business strategy by drawing heavily from the Porters generic strategies. These strategies are matched against the organizations objectives. The final strategy is presented to management for implementing in the organization to re-align its structure (Mintzberg et al, 1999). Thus, the market structure has heavy influence in the formulation of strategy in case of positioning school. Environment The business environment is ever changing with the players entering and exiting out of the domain. As discussed, Porters 5 forces model provides the analysis of the business environment with the formulation of the appropriate strategies for resolving the challenge. The positioning school strategy relies on the past performance of the organization; hence it is not an appropriate strategy for the small start up firms. Instead, this strategy is appropriate for an innovative organization, which wants to create a specific niche for itself. Porter (1996) further suggests the use of 3 generic strategies to define the business operations of any firm. These 3 generic strategies are Differentiation, cost leadership and focus. The differentiation strategy focuses on the innovation in the products being manufactured by the firm. Apple Corporations iPod was considered as an innovative product, which differentiated Apple from its competitors. Apples iPhone further enhanced the Apple Corpo rations innovative brand in the mind of customers. No one ever imagined that any product in the modern time could affect the customer so much. The queue of the customers outside Apple stores is a living testimony of the success of the differentiation strategy in responding to the challenges posed by business environment. Cost leadership strategy is derived from the economies of scale. The firm chooses to reduce the cost of its product to the lowest level among all its competitions, though maintaining the same quality level. The success of IP (Internet Protocol) telephony can be an example here. Focus is another strategy, which is used in positioning school. Bose Speakers can be the example of such a strategy. The Focus of this organization in developing the best sound system of the world has finally been recognized and the products of this organization are considered as a benchmark in the quality of sound. Comparison between the design and positioning school After discussing the various aspects of the two schools of thought on the strategy, following table contrasts the difference between each of these schools. Characteristic Design School Positioning School Number of strategies No Limitation Few key strategies, also known as generic strategies Application in the lifecycle of a project Concerned about the formulation of the strategy only Concerned about both formulation and implementation of the strategy Application across industry Design school strategies are specific to a particular situation industry segment Positioning school strategies are generic in nature and can be applied across the industry Portability Design school strategies defined for a particular situation may not work in all situations. Positioning school strategies can be applied in most of the situations, owing to its generic nature. Thus, the positioning strategy is portable in nature (Mintzberg et al., 1999). Management Centric The management and the ethical approach of the organization are the primary factors for a design school strategy Positioning school strategy relies heavily on the analysts. The people leaders in the positioning school strategy hardly have a choice except to implement the suggestions from the analysts (Mintzberg et al., 1999). Firm Centric Design school of strategy considers the entire organization as one while defining the future strategy of any organization. The positioning school, on the other hand, disaggregates the operation of a firm into two parts as primary and support activities. Porter (1996) called this framework as value chain. Approach to defining strategy The focus of the design school of strategy is broad in nature. Design school of thought believes that the best strategy results from the individualized design process. Positioning school of thought has focussed approach in determining the strategy. Size of business The design school provides specific solutions to a challenging business issue, irrespective of the size of the business. The positioning schools tend to be biased towards the big business. Environment Variables Almost en tire set of environmental situations are considered in devising strategies through the design school thought. Positioning school only considers the limited number of conditions in devising the strategy. Distortion between the strategy formulation and implementation Design school is based upon the right interpretation of the subjective analysis of the current situation by the top leadership. If the interpretation is wrong or the distortion of the data happens while being transferred, the resulting strategy would not be appropriate. In the positioning school of strategy, the strategy is the result of objective market analysis, which is difficult to be distorted. How a hybrid strategy incorporating design and positioning school elements helps The design and positioning schools of thought are helpful for different types of organizations operating in different market structures and environments. A hybrid of both strategies can be beneficial to a firm, which is aiming to operate and grow over a long time. For example, any small start-up would follow the design school of strategy. It would study the market, its demands, opportunities, strength weaknesses of the firm, associated threats in the sector before beginning the operations. Moreover, the size of the firm is small in the beginning; hence, it is easier for the CEO (or any one person in-charge of operations) to manage the strategies within the organization. As the firm establishes itself, the past performance of the firm is available. Now, the firm can start employing the positioning school of thought to develop its strategies. As the size of the firm increases, it needs to position and differentiate itself. The positioning school of strategy makes it possible for a g rowing firm to create and position its brand appropriately. The hybrid strategy can also be formed by combining the elements of design and positioning school. For example, SWOT analysis can be conducted for the firm to match the internal capabilities with the external challenges. The Porters 5 forces analysis can be conducted to position the firm in the operating sector. Conclusion This paper discussed the design school and the positioning school of strategies. It can be argued that design strategy cannot identify every possible scenario for an organization to become successful through its distinctive competencies to ensure a best-fit strategy let alone its organizations social responsibility and managerial values during the creation, evaluation and selection of the best-fit strategies for their environment. Most organizations adapt to their environment through scanning and SWOT analysis. However, in the positioning school strategy, the porters generic strategies are used by analysts to the management for aligning the organization into a certain direction. Porters 5 forces analysis is used to determine the market forces, determine the bargaining power of the stakeholders like customer and suppliers and the threat from the competitors and the substitutes. Each school of strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages determined by the size of the organiza tion, market forces, and the objectives of the organization.

A Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Essay

A Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Stress is an example of a behaviour and experience explained in physiological and psychological terms. Recently awareness has been heightened concerning the harmful effects of stress and how it can be successfully managed and prevented. Lay definitions of stress seem to focus on a force or some kind of mental pressure which is exerted upon an individual which is aversive. Stress is often associated with anxiety, strain, tension, distress and fatigue. The effects of stress include biochemical physiological and psychological changes, many of which are associated with ill health effects (Gatchel 1989). Thus medical and psychological research†¦show more content†¦The pituitary gland is the main endocrine gland; it controls the release of many hormones. In the brain stem we find the autonomic nervous system, which runs to different organs in the body e.g. heart and lungs. 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Commercial Papermaking Essay Example For Students

Commercial Papermaking Essay Paper in 20th-century civilization, is one of our most important industrial products. Books, magazines, and newspapers are printed on paper. Data from computers are usually printed on paper. Education, government and industry could not operate without printing and writing on paper. Paperboard used in packaging, and absorbent papers tissue and towelling are other widely used paper products. Paper is made from cellulose fibbers, which are found in all plant cell walls. When a mixture of water and fibbers is filtered through a fine screen, the fibbers tangle together to form a sheet of paper. As the wet sheet is dried chemical bonds form between the molecules in cellulose fibbers next to one and other. This gives the sheet of paper its strength. The grade and type of any paper depends on the fibbers and processes used in making it. The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. We will write a custom essay on Commercial Papermaking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artists papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce. The preparation of making wood into a pulp for papermaking is accomplished in two different ways. In the groundwood process, blocks of wood are held against a fast revolving grindstone that shreds off short wood fibbers from the block. The fibbers produced by this process are short and are used only in the production of cheap newsprint and used to be added with other types of wood fibber in the making of high-quality paper. Another technique uses a chemical-solvent processes where wood chips are treated with solvents that remove resinous material and lignin from the wood, leaving pure fibbers of cellulose. The oldest of the chemical-solvent processes, the soda process, introduced in 1851, uses a solution of caustic soda sodium hydroxide as a solvent. The wood is cooked or digested in this solution under steam pressure. The fibbers produced by this process do not have great strength but are used in mixtures with other wood fibbers. Pulps produced by any of these processes are washed then passed through a series of screens to remove knots, debris, and other unwanted material. Some pulps are bleached to produce a whiter sheet of paper. Most paper today is made on Fourdrinier machines patented after the first successful papermaking machine, which was developed in the early 19th century. It is capable of making a continuous sheet of paper up to 33 feet wide, at speeds faster than 3,000 feet per minute. Some machines are more than 350 feet long. The Fourdrinier machine has an endless belt of wire mesh that moves horizontally. A flow of watery pulp is spread on the level belt that passes over a number of rolls. A shallow wooden box beneath the belt catches most of the water that drains off, leaving a matt of fibbers on the surface of the wire. Air suction pumps beneath the belt help to drain the water through the wire, and the belt itself is moved from side to side to aid the felting of the fibbers. Once the sheet of fibbers is strong enough it is then passed between large press rolls that squeeze out most of the remaining water from the sheet. At this point a watermark may be produced by pressing a wire pattern into the to surface of the wet sheet. .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .postImageUrl , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:hover , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:visited , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:active { border:0!important; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:active , .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucab20cdfc10199390a70a0359425de0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solar Energy: An Alternative Energy EssayAny other water is removed as the sheet is passed over steam-heated cylinders. Chemical bonds that hold the finished sheet together also take place at this step. The next stage is known as calendaring, pressing between smooth chilled rolls to produce the smooth finish known as machine finish. At the end of the Fourdrinier machine, the paper is slit by revolving cutters and wound on reels. The production of the paper is completed once the sheets are cut into smaller sections, unless the paper is to be used on a continuous press that uses rolls of paper. Special papers are given additional treatment. Supercalendered paper is subjected to a further calendering process under great pressure between metal and paper-covered rolls. Coated paper, such as is used for fine halftone reproduction, is sized with clay or glue and calendered. Paper is usually sold by the ream, in sheets of standard sizes. A ream of paper usually contains 480 sheets, but reams of drawing paper and handmade paper contain 472 sheets. Book paper and newsprint for flat-plate printing are sold in reams of 500 sheets and in perfect reams of 516 sheets. The most common book-paper size is octavo 112 by 168 cm/44 by 66 in. Newsprint for rotary-press printing comes in rolls of varying sizes; a typical roll of newsprint, as used by large metropolitan newspapers in the U. S. , is about 168 cm 66 in wide, 7925 m 26,000 ft long, and weighs about 725 kg 1600 lb. In the United States alone, the consumption of paper and paperboard averages about 660 pounds per person each year and about 64 million metric tones of paper and paperboard are produced annually. With such great demand, papermaking is continuously being improved and modernized, and new machines are constantly being developed.